(outdated) Biotechnology

Describe the advantages of using batch culture for penicillin production and continuous culture for mycoprotein production.

Outline the hybridoma method for the production of a monoclonal antibody.

Describe how an enzyme can be immobilised in alginate and discuss the advantages of using an immobilised enzyme.

Explain how a dip stick can be used to measure glucose concentration.

Describe the advantages of using batch culture for penicillin production and continuous culture for mycoprotein production.

Outline the hybridoma method for the production of a monoclonal antibody.

Name another example of a secondary metabolite and explain what is meant by the term.

example ______

explanation ______

A mutant strain of D. acidovorans has been identified in which the gene coding for peptide synthase is inactive.

The wild-type (normal) and mutant D. acidovorans were grown on agar plates and then flooded with gold chloride solution, which contains $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions. The appearance of such a plate after this treatment is shown in Fig. 2.1.

With reference to Fig. 2.1, suggest how delftibactin protects D. acidovorans from toxic $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions.

Wild-type and mutant D. acidovorans were grown in standardised conditions:

• wild-type and mutant bacteria were grown in the absence of $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions
• wild type and mutant bacteria were grown in the presence of $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions
• mutant bacteria were grown in the presence of $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions and of delftibactin.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Explain whether or not the results shown in Fig. 2.2 support the idea that delftibactin is protective.

The secondary metabolite, delftibactin, could be used to remove the toxic $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions that are present in the waste produced by gold mining.

Describe how delftibactin could be produced on a large scale.

Name another example of a secondary metabolite and explain what is meant by the term.

example = ______

explanation = ______

A mutant strain of D. acidovorans has been identified in which the gene coding for peptide synthase is inactive.

The wild-type (normal) and mutant D. acidovorans were grown on agar plates and then flooded with gold chloride solution, which contains $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions. The appearance of such a plate after this treatment is shown in Fig. 2.1.

With reference to Fig. 2.1, suggest how delftibactin protects D. acidovorans from toxic $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions.

Wild-type and mutant D. acidovorans were grown in standardised conditions:

• wild-type and mutant bacteria were grown in the absence of $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions
• wild type and mutant bacteria were grown in the presence of $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions
• mutant bacteria were grown in the presence of $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions and of delftibactin.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Explain whether or not the results shown in Fig. 2.2 support the idea that delftibactin is protective.

The secondary metabolite, delftibactin, could be used to remove the toxic $\text{Au}^{3+}$ ions that are present in the waste produced by gold mining.

Describe how delftibactin could be produced on a large scale.

Outline the immune response that leads to the production of these anti-nicotine antibodies.

Mice injected with NicVAX produce B-lymphocytes that mature into cells responsible for the production of antibody (plasma cells).

Outline how these B-lymphocytes can be used to produce monoclonal antibody.

With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe the results obtained for nicotine only.

Discuss the extent to which these results support the idea that vaccination with NicVAX could protect the developing fetus of a woman who smokes tobacco.

State one medical use of monoclonal antibodies, other than their use in producing vaccines.

Describe the action of penicillin on bacteria.

Outline the use of microorganisms in the extraction of heavy metals from their ores.

Describe the production of penicillin using the batch culture method.

Mycoprotein is produced using a continuous culture method.

Describe the advantages of the batch culture method and the continuous culture method.

Describe the action of penicillin on bacteria.

Outline the use of microorganisms in the extraction of heavy metals from their ores.

Suggest how Avastin® can prevent the growth and spread of a tumour.

the antigen that is injected into a mouse to produce this monoclonal antibody

what is meant by a hybridoma.

The monoclonal antibody made by the hybridoma method is modified to obtain humanised mouse antibody. This type of antibody molecule resembles those produced by humans.

Suggest advantages of using humanised mouse antibody rather than mouse antibody.

A second monoclonal antibody, ranibizumab (Lucentis®) is used to treat eye diseases. Lucentis® is a fragment of Avastin® and is shown in Fig. 2.1.

Complete Fig. 2.1 to show a molecule of Avastin®.

Labels are not required.